39 Fall 2026 ntroduction: Antisemitism in the Digital Age Antisemitism is not a marginal or episodic phenomenon; it is one of the most enduring and adaptive forms of hatred in recorded history. In the digital era, antisemitism has not merely migrated online but has been fundamentally reshaped by networked technologies that connect people and communities. Online spaces now function as primary vectors for the dissemination, normalization, and amplification of antisemitic narratives. For lawmakers, regulators, and legal practitioners, this transformation poses acute challenges, particularly as artificial intelligence (AI) introduces new modalities of scale, automation, and plausibility. The Scale and Nature of Online Antisemitism Multiple studies demonstrate that antisemitism is disproportionately prevalent online relative to the size of Jewish communities. The Community Security Trust (CST), an organization dedicated to monitoring and recording antisemitic incidents in the UK, recorded more cases of online antisemitism in 2023 than in any previous year, with a marked rise after October 7.1 However, antisemitism tends to be under-reported, so the number of incidents probably represents only a fraction of the real volume of antisemitism online. We at the Antisemitism Policy Trust (APT)2 have found that online antisemitism has become both more visible and more normalized, particularly during periods of geopolitical tension involving Israel and Gaza. Our report, Antisemitism Goes Viral,3 documents sharp spikes in antisemitic content following major news events, with online platforms enabling the rapid spread of narratives accusing Jews collectively of genocide, global manipulation, or fabricated atrocities. The research found that in 2025, the platform X hosted four antisemitic posts per Jewish person in the UK per day – a staggering increase from two per Jewish person per year in 2021.4 The findings reflect an increase that has occurred across large and small social media platforms since October 2023.5 These narratives often recycle centuries‑old tropes such as blood libels or claims of Jewish world control, repackaged for contemporary digital audiences. This is consistent with findings by the Institute for Strategic Dialogue (ISD), which found a 50-fold increase in online antisemitism on both mainstream and fringe platforms following Hamas’s October 7 attack in 2023.6 The AI-Amplified Antisemitism and the Imperative for Balanced Regulation in the United Kingdom Limor Simhony Philpott 1. Written evidence submitted by the Community Security Trust (COM0024), UK Parliament (2025), available at https:// committees.parliament.uk/writtenevidence/142724/html/ 2. The Antisemitism Policy Trust is a charity that educates parliamentarians and policymakers about antisemitism. It advises the UK Parliament and government on policies and regulations and produces policy briefings and research on different aspects of antisemitism. We have advised the UK regulator of online and offline communications, Ofcom, on online antisemitism and the Online Safety Bill. 3. “Antisemitism Goes Viral: The Meteoric rise of antisemitism since October 7 and the weaponisation of polarisation across social media platform,” ANTISEMITISM POLICY TRUST (2024), available at https://antisemitism.org.uk/wpcontent/uploads/2024/12/Antisemitism-Goes-Viral.pdf 4. “Twitter: The Extent and Nature of Antisemitism on Twitter in the UK,” ANTISEMITISM POLICY TRUST, COMMUNITY SECURITY TRUST, THE WOOLF INSTITUTE 4 (2021), available at https://antisemitism.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/ APT-Twitter-Report-2021-Draft-4.pdf 5. “Antisemitism goes viral: Understanding the online ecosystem,” ANTISEMITISM POLICY TRUST (2024), available at https://antisemitism.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Antisemitism-Goes-Viral.pdf 6. Hannah Rose, Milo Comerford and Jakob Guhl, “Rise in antisemitism on both mainstream and fringe social media platforms following Hamas’s terrorist attack” (Feb. 7, 2024), available at https://www.isdglobal.org/digital_dispatches/ rise-in-antisemitism-on-both-mainstream-and-fringe-social-media-platforms-following-hamas-terrorist-attack/ I
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