40 No. 78 JUSTICE Anti-Defamation League’s long‑running surveys of online hate also found antisemitic content to be among the most common and persistent categories of online hate speech, cutting across mainstream social media platforms, fringe forums, and encrypted messaging services. In its most recent assessments, the ADL has warned that antisemitism often acts as a “gateway” ideology, normalizing conspiratorial thinking that can escalate into broader forms of extremism.7 Online antisemitism is not confined to explicitly extremist spaces. It increasingly appears in comment sections, meme culture, influencer content, and algorithmically amplified discussions on large platforms, blurring the boundary between fringe and mainstream discourse. The connection between online antisemitism and offline harm is stark, and platforms that host illegal content have been linked to terror attacks.8 One example of this is the 2018 Pittsburgh synagogue attack.9 The terrorist who killed eleven congregants and injured six others in a synagogue in Pittsburgh promoted his hateful, antisemitic agenda on the social media platform Gab – where he also posted minutes before attacking the synagogue. Based on testimonies following the attack, he had consumed large volumes of racist and other material online which had incited him to violence. Another example is an antisemitic attack in Zurich in 2024. A 15-year-old boy, inspired by online ISIS propaganda, stabbed a man who was obviously Jewish. The boy recorded a video pledging allegiance to ISIS and declared his intention to target Jews, shouting “I'm here to harm Jews” during the attack.10 Many attackers who have been inspired by online antisemitic discourse and imagery have also tried to inspire others by uploading their own manifestos following their attacks.11 The Emergence of AI‑Generated Antisemitism AI‑generated antisemitism refers to antisemitic content that is created, enhanced, or disseminated using artificial intelligence systems. This includes large language models that generate text, image and video generation tools capable of producing photorealistic visuals, voice synthesis technologies, and algorithmic systems that optimize content distribution and chatbots. Generative AI systems are particularly vulnerable to reproducing antisemitic material because they are trained on vast datasets drawn from the internet, where antisemitism is already widespread.12 For example, many AI tools draw information from Wikipedia – an open, editable online encyclopedia. This is critical in antisemitism-related areas because it has been found that editors on Wikipedia have conducted coordinated campaigns to spread harmful, antisemitic disinformation about Israel, Zionism and Jews.13 Wikipedia is used by millions of people worldwide, with 34 million users in the UK alone,14 and many AI tools also draw information from it. 7. Center for Technology & Society, “Online hate and harassment: The American Experience” (2024), available at https:// www.adl.org/sites/default/files/documents/2024-06/online-hate-and-harassment-the-american-experience-v2024.pdf 8. “Online and offline harms: The connection,” ANTISEMITISM POLICY TRUST (Aug. 2020), available at https://antisemitism. org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Online-Harms-Offline-Harms-August-2020-V4.pdf 9. Ibid. 10. Supra note 1. 11. Ibid. 12. “Online Antisemitism and the Risks of Artificial Intelligence,” ANTISEMITISM POLICY TRUST (Feb. 2024), available at https://antisemitism.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/7112-APT-Ai-and-Anitsemitism-v4.pdf 13. Center for Technology and Society, “Editing for hate: How anti-Israel and anti-Jewish bias undermines Wikipedia’s neutrality” (March 18, 2025), available at https://www.adl.org/resources/report/editing-hate-how-anti-israel-and-antijewish-bias-undermines-wikipedias-neutrality; see also David Collier, “Wikipedia – the most active spreader of antisemitism on the planet” (May 2, 2021), available at https://david-collier.com/wikipedia-antisemitic/; see also David Collier, “Wikipedia butchers history and promotes terrorism – Part 1” (Jan. 17, 2022), available at https:// david-collier.com/wikipedia-butchers-history/ 14. Joel R. McConvey, “UK high court hears Wikipedia suit against Online Safety Act category rules” (July 25, 2025), available at https://www.biometricupdate.com/202507/uk-high-court-hears-wikipedia-suit-against-online-safety-actcategory-rules
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