60 No. 72 JUSTICE of several online platforms over an extended period, resulting in a rich corpus of data. The author uses a combination of content and discourse analysis to interpret the data, which is complemented by social network analysis, to illustrate the relationships between different actors and groups within the neo-Nazi online network. The cross-platform approach strengthens the validity of the study by allowing for the triangulation of results across different online spaces. Methodological Innovations The book’s main methodological innovation is the application of covert digital ethnography to the study of extremist groups, which provides deep and frighteningly authentic insight into their inner workings. However, this approach also leads to potential biases and limitations that need to be considered. The perspective gained through covert participation can lead to a certain degree of subjectivity in the analysis. This can occur because the researcher is at least temporarily part of this community and interacts with it, possibly acquiring contextual knowledge that does not always remain comprehensible in the explorations. Key Findings and Contributions Topor's research provides several key insights, with his demonstration and comprehensive description of the global interconnectedness of neo-Nazi networks, which, of particular importance, are facilitated by anonymous communication technologies. He also addresses the role of conspiracy fantasies in the radicalization process within these online communities. Topor goes on to describe the sophisticated use of digital tools to recruit new users and group members and to spread the white supremacist ideology. These include Telegram bots and additional applications designed to interact with other participants. Finally, he describes the challenges that the use of encrypted and anonymous platforms poses for law enforcement and policy makers. All these findings contribute to a better understanding of the dynamics of online extremism and have important implications for counter-extremism efforts. The author's detailed mapping of neo-Nazi networks provides valuable data for future comparative studies. Conclusion Lev Topor's “Phishing for Nazis” is a methodologically innovative and empirically rich contribution to the study of online extremism. His analyses also highlight the dangers of online anonymity, which pose providers, international platforms, and individual countries with challenges in finding effective ways to combat online hate and radicalization. The book's findings may therefore be relevant to both academic research and policy development in the field of countering online extremism. As online platforms continue to evolve, studies such as Phishing for Nazis will help improve our understanding of extremism’s digital dynamics and develop effective strategies to counter online radicalization. Markus Weiss, M.A., is a research assistant at the Department of General Linguistics at the Technical University of Berlin, which focuses on antisemitism on the internet. He is currently writing his doctoral thesis on communicative strategies of antisemitism denial.
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